Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
May start and end anywhere
Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle petrol engine, the expansion

Starts at 30° after top dead center and ends at 50° after bottom dead center
Starts at top dead center and ends at bottom dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at 30° before top dead center and ends at 50° before bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
The injector nozzle of a compression ignition engine is required to inject fuel at a sufficiently high pressure in order to

Inject fuel in a chamber of high pressure at the end of compression stroke
Inject fuel at a high velocity to facilitate atomization
All of these
Ensure that penetration is not high

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