Estimating and Costing
The plinth area of a building not includes

Lift and wall including landing
Internal shaft for sanitary installations up to 2 sq m. in area
Area of the walls at the floor level
Area of cantilevered porch

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

All listed here
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
The end sections are parallel planes
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends

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Estimating and Costing
Pick up the correct statement in case of water supply.

All of these
Pipes laid in trenches and pipes fixed to walls are measured separately
Pipes are classified according to their sizes and quality
Cutting through walls and floors are included with the item

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