Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

None of these
Ideal trays required to the number of real trays required
Real trays required to the number of ideal trays required
Overall gas transfer units to the number of ideal trays required

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