Process Equipment and Plant Design
1.2 to 3.8 cms is the value of the

Downcomer liquid seal in case of a balanced tray design
Static submergence in case of a bubble cap tray for column operating under pressure (≥ 1 atm.)
All of these
Skirt clearance for bubble caps

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
All of these

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