Process Equipment and Plant Design
Large process vessels operating under extreme temperature and pressure conditions are normally clad/ lined with materials like stainless steel, aluminium, nickel & its alloys, copper & its alloys and titanium. The cladding thickness is generally about __________ percent of the total thickness.

40 to 50
30 to 40
1 to 5
10 to 20

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD
Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Corner torus section and central dished section
Central dished section and straight flange section
Straight flange section and corner torus section
Central dished section and corner torus section

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the

Shell side, if the flow is counter-current and tube side if the flow is co-current
Tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction
Shell side for large overall heat transfer co-efficient
Shell side for smaller total pressure drop

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