Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Increases upwards
Remains same throughout
Decreases upwards
May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Straight flange section and corner torus section
Central dished section and corner torus section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Central dished section and straight flange section

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