Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a given design of bubble cap, the number of bubble caps to be used per tray is set by the

Plate spacing
All of these
Allowable gas velocity through the slots
Diameter of the column

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ

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