Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a given design of bubble cap, the number of bubble caps to be used per tray is set by the

Allowable gas velocity through the slots
Plate spacing
Diameter of the column
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ

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