Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having triangular pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by

(p² - πd²/4)/πd
4(0.86p² - πd²)/πd
(4p² - πd²/4)/πd
4(0.86p² - πd²/4)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

6% of I.D.
Either A or B, whichever is larger
3 times the thickness
Either A or B, whichever is smaller

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