Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having triangular pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by

4(0.86p² - πd²/4)/πd
4(0.86p² - πd²)/πd
(p² - πd²/4)/πd
(4p² - πd²/4)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes

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