Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having triangular pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by

(p² - πd²/4)/πd
(4p² - πd²/4)/πd
4(0.86p² - πd²)/πd
4(0.86p² - πd²/4)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement about distillation operation

In flash (equilibrium) distillation, a definite fraction of liquid is vaporised in such a way that the evolved vapour & residual liquids are in equilibrium with each other
In differential (simple) distillation, the vapour is removed as soon as it is formed without appreciable condensation
Distillation under vacuum is a substitute for steam distillation
Flash distillation, differential distillation & steam distillation are all continuous distillation processes

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Results in higher shell side pressure drop
Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient

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