Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having triangular pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by

(4p² - πd²/4)/πd
4(0.86p² - πd²/4)/πd
(p² - πd²/4)/πd
4(0.86p² - πd²)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column assumes that the

Liquid/vapor loading across the column remains constant
Sensible heat differences are small, because the temperature changes from tray to tray is small
Trouton's rule is applicable
All of these

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