Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient
Results in higher shell side pressure drop
Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Feed is not at its bubble point
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small

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