Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a double pipe concentric heat exchanger, the equivalent diameter of annulus for heat transfer would be (where, D₁ and D₂ are I.D. of inner and outer pipes)

None of these
(D₂² - D₁²)/D₁²
D₂ - D₁
(D₂² - D₁²)/D₂²

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes
Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell
Remains same throughout
Decreases upwards
Increases upwards

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