Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a double pipe concentric heat exchanger, the equivalent diameter of annulus for heat transfer would be (where, D₁ and D₂ are I.D. of inner and outer pipes)

None of these
(D₂² - D₁²)/D₂²
(D₂² - D₁²)/D₁²
D₂ - D₁

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD
Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD

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