Elastic failure of a material occurs, when the tensile stress equals yield strength, yield point or the elastic limit. Also, the elastic failure occurs according to maximum strain theory, when the maximum tensile strain equals (where, σ = yield strength and E = modulus of elasticity)

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Elastic failure of a material occurs, when the tensile stress equals yield strength, yield point or the elastic limit. Also, the elastic failure occurs according to maximum strain theory, when the maximum tensile strain equals (where, σ = yield strength and E = modulus of elasticity)

E

E/σ

Σ/E

Σ

E

E/σ

Σ/E

Σ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds

By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing

Both B and C

From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds

By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing

Both B and C

From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Normally, the ratio of the total riser area to the tower cross sectional area (for bubble cap towers of diameter more than 3 ft) is around

0.4-0.6

0.35-0.75

0.1-0.2

0.55-0.85

0.4-0.6

0.35-0.75

0.1-0.2

0.55-0.85

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Larger depth of liquid on the trays of a distillation column

Both A & B

Results in higher pressure drop per tray

Neither A nor B

Leads to high tray efficiency

Both A & B

Results in higher pressure drop per tray

Neither A nor B

Leads to high tray efficiency

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Stage efficiency for packed tower varies with the

Type & size of packing

Fluid rates and fluid properties

Operating pressure and column diameter

All of these

Type & size of packing

Fluid rates and fluid properties

Operating pressure and column diameter

All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal pressure is

pd/3t

pd/2t

pd/4t

pd/t

pd/3t

pd/2t

pd/4t

pd/t

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Process Equipment and Plant Design

Process Equipment and Plant Design Seamless pipe is made

Process Equipment and Plant Design Normally, the ratio of the total riser area to the tower cross sectional area (for bubble cap towers of diameter more than 3 ft) is around

Process Equipment and Plant Design Larger depth of liquid on the trays of a distillation column

Process Equipment and Plant Design Stage efficiency for packed tower varies with the

Process Equipment and Plant Design The circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal pressure is

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Normally, the ratio of the total riser area to the tower cross sectional area (for bubble cap towers of diameter more than 3 ft) is around

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Larger depth of liquid on the trays of a distillation column

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Stage efficiency for packed tower varies with the

Process Equipment and Plant Design
The circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal pressure is