Process Equipment and Plant Design
A perforated plate has holes of diameter dh arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by

(ph - dh)/ph
(ph - dh . dt/2)/ph
(ph - dh)/dh
(ph - dt)/ph

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Triangular pitch tube layout as compared to square pitch in a shell and tube heat exchanger

Both B and C
Permits the use of more tubes in a given shell diameter
Facilitates comparatively easier external cleaning because of large clearance
Permits the use of less tubes in a given shell diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD
Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD

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