Process Equipment and Plant Design
A perforated plate has holes of diameter dh arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by

(ph - dh)/dh
(ph - dt)/ph
(ph - dh . dt/2)/ph
(ph - dh)/ph

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In case of design of a shell and tube heat exchanger,

Minimum tube sheet thickness (in which tubes are fixed) is equal to the O.D. of the tube upto 15 mm tube diameter; and for > 15 mm tube diameter, tube sheet thickness is smaller than tube diameter
Minimum cleaning lane of 6.5 mm is provided, when tubes are on a square pitch
All of these
O.D. of the tube is 6 to 40 mm while the tube lengths used are 0.5, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6 metres

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow at a very slow velocity
Perferably flow outside the tube
Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current

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