Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a rotary drier, the average retention time of solid is(where Z = length of the drier, metres ρ = apparent solid density, kg/m³ L = flow rate of dry solids, kg/see. m² drier cross-section H = hold up of solid.)

Z.H.ρ/L
L/Z.H.ρ
H.ρ/L
Z.H/L.ρ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

All of these
Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube
Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube
Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used

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