Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Remains same throughout
Decreases upwards
Increases upwards
May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a horizontal tube evaporator.

Liquor flows inside the tube, while the steam is outside submerging the tube
Its usual dimensions are: tube dia = 2-3 cms; evaporator body dia = 1-4 metres and evaporator height = 2.5-4 metres
It is unsuitable for concentrating those liquids, which form a scale or deposit salt
It is suitable for process, in which the final product is a liquor instead of solid

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Feed is not at its bubble point
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated

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