Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a long tube vertical evaporator.

Steam is fed to the shell, whereas the liquor is filled inside the tube
Tube dia is 3-6 cms, while tube length in 3-6 metres
None of these
Liquor level is maintained at l/3rd to 1/2 of the height of the tube

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Both B & C
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Is economical in operation
Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle

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