Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD
Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67

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