Process Equipment and Plant Design
If 'D' is the inside diameter of the shell of a shell and tube heat exchanger, then the baffle spacing is usually in the range of

None of these
D/5 or minimum 2" to 5D
D/5 or minimum 2" to D
D/2 or minimum 2" to 5D

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of the bubble cap tray of a distillation column to give stable operation and even vapour distribution.

None of these
The pressure drop due to the caps & slots and the static submergence should be as high as practicable for reasonable operation
The dimensionless ratio of liquid gradient to pressure drop head caused by the bubble cap assembly should be less than 0.4
Tendency towards stable operation is increased by increasing the skirt clearance of the caps, lowering the rate of liquid flow per unit plate width or increasing the spacing between the caps

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)

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