Process Equipment and Plant Design
The necessary wall thickness for a metallic storage vessel is a function of the

Diameter of the vessel
Operating pressure and welding/joint efficiency
All of these
Ultimate tensile strength (or yield point) of the material and operating temperature

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
All of these
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel

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