Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Results in higher shell side pressure drop
Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient

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