Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
Equal to the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More than the tube diameter

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