Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger for a given heat transfer surface area, smaller diameter tubes are favoured as compared to larger diameter ones ; because the smaller diameter tubes

Are less prone to fouling
Can be fitted into a smaller shell diameter hence the cost of the heat exchanger would be less
None of these
Are easier to clean

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Number of evaporators which can be used in service in a multiple effect evaporation system is limited by the

Neither A nor B
Both A & B
Economic limit reached, when the plant cost exceeds the saving of steam
Practical limit reached, due to low heat transfer rate because of inadequate temperature difference

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