Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
Both B and C

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Perferably flow outside the tube
Flow at a very slow velocity
Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current

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