Process Equipment and Plant Design
The main purpose of providing stepping on the trays is to

Improve the flow condition
Decrease the pressure drop
Facilitate handling of large flow rate of liquid
Increase the residence time

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a double pipe (concentric) heat exchanger, the hydraulic radius for heat transfer (for a fluid flowing through the annulus) would be

D₂ - D₁ (D₁ and D₂ are I.D. of inner and outer pipes respectively)
Same as that for fluid flow
Less than that for fluid flow
More than that for fluid flow

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