Process Equipment and Plant Design
The main purpose of providing stepping on the trays is to

Improve the flow condition
Facilitate handling of large flow rate of liquid
Decrease the pressure drop
Increase the residence time

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel

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