Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosion allowance

Need not be provided for non-pressure parts like tie rods, spacers, baffles, supports etc
For carbon steel and cast iron pressure parts is 1.5 mm (except for tubes) and for severe conditions it is 3 mm
All of these
For internal cover and tube sheet is provided on both the sides

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