Process Equipment and Plant Design
An increase in the liquid resistance to interphase mass transfer and a resultant reduction in plate efficiency is caused by

An increase in liquid viscosity
An increase in relatived volatility for rectification columns
All of these
Decrease in gas solubility for absorbers

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current
Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow at a very slow velocity
Perferably flow outside the tube

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