Process Equipment and Plant Design
An increase in the liquid resistance to interphase mass transfer and a resultant reduction in plate efficiency is caused by

An increase in relatived volatility for rectification columns
Decrease in gas solubility for absorbers
All of these
An increase in liquid viscosity

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column assumes that the

Trouton's rule is applicable
Sensible heat differences are small, because the temperature changes from tray to tray is small
All of these
Liquid/vapor loading across the column remains constant

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More than the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
Equal to the tube diameter

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