Process Equipment and Plant Design
An increase in the liquid resistance to interphase mass transfer and a resultant reduction in plate efficiency is caused by

Decrease in gas solubility for absorbers
An increase in liquid viscosity
An increase in relatived volatility for rectification columns
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More than the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
Equal to the tube diameter
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout

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