Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the

Large reflux ratio
Resistance offered to flow of liquids by caps & risers and the flow of gas
Large plate spacing
Low gas velocity

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation
It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty
None of these
It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation

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