Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the

Resistance offered to flow of liquids by caps & risers and the flow of gas
Low gas velocity
Large plate spacing
Large reflux ratio

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Both B & C
Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Is economical in operation

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