Internal Combustion Engines
The expansion of fuel in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Starts at 15° after top dead center and ends at 30° before bottom dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center
Starts at 15° before top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Detonation is harmful due to

Excessive turbulence which removes most of the insulating gas boundary layer from the cylinder walls
High intensity of knock causes crankshaft vibration and the engine runs rough
None of these
Increase in the rate of heat transfer, there is a reduction in the power output and efficiency of the engine

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