Theory of Machine
The equation of motion for a single degree of freedom system with viscous damping is 4(dx²/dt²) + 9(dx/dt) + 16x. The damping ratio of the system is

44090
30195
44082
9/128

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Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)

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