Process Equipment and Plant Design
The design stress, which is more than the damaging stress, is the least unit stress that will render a member unfit for service before the end of its normal life. The design stress factor or factor of safety indicates the margin between design stress and the __________ stress.

Working
Allowable
Damaging
None of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes
Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95
Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13

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