Process Equipment and Plant Design
The design stress, which is more than the damaging stress, is the least unit stress that will render a member unfit for service before the end of its normal life. The design stress factor or factor of safety indicates the margin between design stress and the __________ stress.

Damaging
Working
None of these
Allowable

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a horizontal tube evaporator.

Its usual dimensions are: tube dia = 2-3 cms; evaporator body dia = 1-4 metres and evaporator height = 2.5-4 metres
Liquor flows inside the tube, while the steam is outside submerging the tube
It is unsuitable for concentrating those liquids, which form a scale or deposit salt
It is suitable for process, in which the final product is a liquor instead of solid

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