Estimating and Costing
The cross-section of a road partly in banking and partly in cutting is shown in the given figure. The area of the shaded portion is

⅓ × (b - rd)²/(s - r)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r - s)
½ × (b + rd)²/(r - s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r + s)

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Estimating and Costing
Pick up the correct statement in case of water supply.

All of these
Pipes laid in trenches and pipes fixed to walls are measured separately
Pipes are classified according to their sizes and quality
Cutting through walls and floors are included with the item

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