Estimating and Costing
The cross-section of a road partly in banking and partly in cutting is shown in the given figure. The area of the shaded portion is

⅓ × (b - rd)²/(s - r)
½ × (b + rd)²/(r - s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r - s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r + s)

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth
The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections
All of these
The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections

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Estimating and Costing
Pick up the correct statement in case of water supply.

Pipes are classified according to their sizes and quality
All of these
Cutting through walls and floors are included with the item
Pipes laid in trenches and pipes fixed to walls are measured separately

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