Estimating and Costing
The cross-section of a road partly in banking and partly in cutting is shown in the given figure. The area of the shaded portion is

½ × (b + rd)²/(r - s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r - s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r + s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(s - r)

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP

Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The end sections are parallel planes
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends
All listed here
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP