Estimating and Costing
The cross-section of a road partly in banking and partly in cutting is shown in the given figure. The area of the shaded portion is

⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r + s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(r - s)
⅓ × (b - rd)²/(s - r)
½ × (b + rd)²/(r - s)

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
All listed here
The end sections are parallel planes
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends

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