Theory of Machine
The contact ratio is given by

(Length of the arc of approach)/cosφ
(Length of the path of approach)/(Circular pitch)
(Length of path of recess)/(Circular pitch)
(Length of the arc of contact)/(Circular pitch)

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of these

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