Theory of Machine
The two parallel and coplanar shafts are connected by gears having teeth parallel to the axis of the shaft. This arrangement is known as

Spur gearing
Bevel gearing
Helical gearing
Spiral gearing

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Theory of Machine
Higher pairs are those which have

Two elements that permit relative motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion

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Theory of Machine
The displacement of the reciprocating roller follower, when it has contact with the straight flanks of the tangent cam, is given by (where r₁ = Minimum radius of the cam, r₂ = Radius of the roller follower, and θ = Angle turned by the cam from the beginning of the follower displacement)

(r₁ + r₂) (1 + cosθ)
(r₁ - r₂) (1 - cosθ)
(r₁ - r₂) [(1 - cosθ)/cosθ]
(r₁ + r₂) [(1 - cosθ)/cosθ]

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Theory of Machine
In a band and block brake, the ratio of tensions on tight side and slack side of the band is (where μ = Coefficient of friction between the blocks and the drum, θ = Semi-angle of each block subtending at the center of drum, and n = Number of blocks)

T₁/T₂ = [(1 + μ tanθ)/(1 - μ tanθ)]n
T₁/T₂ = [(1 - μ tanθ)/(1 + μ tanθ)]n
T₁/T₂ = μ. θ. n
T₁/T₂ = (μ θ)n

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