Theory of Machine
Open pairs are those which have

Two elements that permit relative motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion

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Theory of Machine
The relation l = (2/3).(j + 2) apply only to kinematic chains in which lower pairs are used. This may be used to kinematic chains in which higher pairs are used, but each higher pair may be taken as equivalent to

Two lower pairs and one additional link
Two lower pairs and two additional links
One lower pair and two additional links
Any one of these

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Theory of Machine
The maximum fluctuation of energy is the

Ratio of the mean resisting torque to the work-done per cycle
Difference between the maximum and minimum energies
Sum of the maximum and minimum energies
Variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line

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