Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines
binds host cell receptors found on heart cells
forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation
cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive within macrophages
survive the acid pH of the stomach
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following characteristic of the Rotavirus was important for the construction of the Rotashield vaccine?

The ability of the Rotavirus to be transmitted faster
The possession of a segmented RNA genome
A limited number of capsule types
The ability of monkey Rotavirus strains to cause serious illness (diarrhea) in human beings

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines
None of these
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time

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Microorganisms and Disease
Prontosil is

an effective antibacterial when used in in-vitro cultures
an effective antibacterial both in animals as well as in in-vitro cultures
an effective antibacterial when used in animals
not used as an antibacterial agent

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