Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature

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Internal Combustion Engines
The fuel valve in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center
Opens at 15° before top dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
Opens at 15° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
May open and close anywhere

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

May start and end anywhere
Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center

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