Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
May start and end anywhere
Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
The exhaust valve in a four stroke cycle petrol engine

Opens at 50° before bottom dead center and closes at 15° after top dead center
Opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
May open and close anywhere
Opens at 50° after bottom dead center and closes at 15° before top dead center

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