Internal Combustion Engines
By higher octane number of spark ignition fuel, it is meant that the fuel has

Higher heating value
Higher flash point
Lower volatility
Longer ignition delay

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Internal Combustion Engines
The expansion of fuel in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Starts at top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at 15° after top dead center and ends at 30° before bottom dead center
Starts at 15° before top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature

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