Internal Combustion Engines
Compression ratio of I.C. Engines is

The ratio of volumes of air in cylinder before compression stroke and after compression stroke
Swept volume/cylinder volume
Ratio of pressure after compression and before compression
Volume displaced by piston per stroke and clearance volume in cylinder

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Internal Combustion Engines
Which one of the following event would reduce volumetric efficiency of a vertical compression ignition engine?

Inlet valve closing after bottom dead center
Exhaust valve closing after top dead center
Inlet valve closing before bottom dead center
Inlet valve opening before top dead center

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