Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)
V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle petrol engine, the inlet valve

Opens at 20° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
May open or close anywhere
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 40° after bottom dead center
Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the compression

Starts at 40° after bottom dead center and ends at 10° before top dead center
Starts at top dead center and ends at 40° before bottom dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at 40° before top dead center and ends at 40° after top dead center

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