Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the inlet valve

Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center
May open and close anywhere
Opens at 20° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 40° after bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle petrol engine, the expansion

May start and end anywhere
Starts at 30° before top dead center and ends at 50° before bottom dead center
Starts at 30° after top dead center and ends at 50° after bottom dead center
Starts at top dead center and ends at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Detonation is harmful due to

Increase in the rate of heat transfer, there is a reduction in the power output and efficiency of the engine
High intensity of knock causes crankshaft vibration and the engine runs rough
None of these
Excessive turbulence which removes most of the insulating gas boundary layer from the cylinder walls

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Internal Combustion Engines
The tangential velocity of the water element having a free vortex is

Directly proportional to its distance from the centre
Inversely proportional to its (distance)2 from the centre
Inversely proportional to its distance from the centre
Directly proportional to its (distance)2 from the centre

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