Internal Combustion Engines
The two reference fuels used for cetane rating are

Cetane and alpha-methyl naphthalene
Cetane and normal heptane
Cetane and tetra ethyl lead
Cetane and iso-octane

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Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]

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Internal Combustion Engines
Scavenging air in diesel engine means

Air used for combustion sent under pressure
Burnt air containing products of combustion
Forced air for cooling cylinder
Air used for forcing burnt gases out of engine's cylinder during the exhaust period

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle petrol engine, the inlet valve

Opens at 20° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
May open or close anywhere
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 40° after bottom dead center
Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center

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