Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

May open and close anywhere
Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the inlet valve

Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center
Opens at 20° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 40° after bottom dead center
May open and close anywhere

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Internal Combustion Engines
The brake power (B.P.) of the engine is given by (where W = Brake load or dead load in newtons, l = Length of arm in meters, N = Speed of engine in r.p.m., S = Spring balance reading in newtons, D = Dia. of brake drum in meters, and d = Dia. of rope in meters)

All of these
P = [(W - S) π (D + d) N]/60 watts
P = [(W - S) πDN]/60 watts
P = (Wl × 2πN)/60 watts

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