Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then propulsive efficiency of a turbojet engine is

V₀ / (V₀ + V₁)
V₁ / (V₀ + V₁)
2V₁ / (V₀ + V₁)
2V₀ / (V₀ + V₁)

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engine the inlet valve

Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 35° after the bottom dead center
May open or close anywhere
Opens at 10° after top dead center and closes 20° before the bottom dead center

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