Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
All of these
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More than the tube diameter
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
Equal to the tube diameter

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