Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

All of these
Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column assumes that the

Liquid/vapor loading across the column remains constant
Trouton's rule is applicable
All of these
Sensible heat differences are small, because the temperature changes from tray to tray is small

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds

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