Process Equipment and Plant Design
Stage efficiency for packed tower varies with the

Operating pressure and column diameter
All of these
Type & size of packing
Fluid rates and fluid properties

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Feed is not at its bubble point
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small

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