Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
More than the tube diameter
Equal to the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Feed is not at its bubble point

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Triangular pitch tube layout as compared to square pitch in a shell and tube heat exchanger

Both B and C
Facilitates comparatively easier external cleaning because of large clearance
Permits the use of more tubes in a given shell diameter
Permits the use of less tubes in a given shell diameter

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