Process Equipment and Plant Design
The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

All of these
Guard against foaming & entrainment by dumping antifoaming agent through it
Keep a check on the liquid gradient over the plate by direct visual observation
Give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Vertical condenser is advantageous to the horizontal condenser from operation point of view, when

Hydrostatic head is required for refluxing the condensate
Only the function of condensation is to be carried out
Sub cooling of condensate is desired
Both the functions of condensation & sub cooling are carried out in a single unit

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