Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67

Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ

Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)

Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67

Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ

Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In inclined long tube vertical evaporators, the tubes are inclined at an angle of

15°

45°

90°

60°

15°

45°

90°

60°

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of

None of these

Making the joint leak proof

Preventing the local overstressing of the shell around the opening

Reduction of discontinuity in shape at the junction

None of these

Making the joint leak proof

Preventing the local overstressing of the shell around the opening

Reduction of discontinuity in shape at the junction

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Decreases upwards

Remains same throughout

May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell

Increases upwards

Decreases upwards

Remains same throughout

May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell

Increases upwards

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Fouling factor must be included in the calculation of over all design heat transfer coefficient, when the liquid

Is highly viscous

Containing suspended solids flows at low velocity

Is of high specific gravity

Containing suspended solids flows at high velocity

Is highly viscous

Containing suspended solids flows at low velocity

Is of high specific gravity

Containing suspended solids flows at high velocity

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the

Low gas velocity

Large reflux ratio

Resistance offered to flow of liquids by caps & risers and the flow of gas

Large plate spacing

Low gas velocity

Large reflux ratio

Resistance offered to flow of liquids by caps & risers and the flow of gas

Large plate spacing

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Process Equipment and Plant Design

Process Equipment and Plant Design In inclined long tube vertical evaporators, the tubes are inclined at an angle of

Process Equipment and Plant Design Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of

Process Equipment and Plant Design For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Process Equipment and Plant Design Fouling factor must be included in the calculation of over all design heat transfer coefficient, when the liquid

Process Equipment and Plant Design Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the

Process Equipment and Plant Design
In inclined long tube vertical evaporators, the tubes are inclined at an angle of

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of

Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Fouling factor must be included in the calculation of over all design heat transfer coefficient, when the liquid

Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over the tray results due to the