Internal Combustion Engines
Pre-ignition is caused by the spontaneous combustion of the mixture before the end of the compression stroke, and is due to

Cylinder walls being too hot
Red hot carbon deposits on cylinder walls
Any one of the listed here
Overheated spark plug points

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a coil ignition system of petrol engines, a condenser is connected across the contact breaker in order to

Prevent sparking across the gap between the points
Both (A) and (B)
None of these
Cause more rapid break of the primary current, giving a higher voltage in the secondary circuit

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Internal Combustion Engines
The injector nozzle of a compression ignition engine is required to inject fuel at a sufficiently high pressure in order to

Inject fuel in a chamber of high pressure at the end of compression stroke
Ensure that penetration is not high
Inject fuel at a high velocity to facilitate atomization
All of these

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Internal Combustion Engines
Compression ratio of I.C. Engines is

Swept volume/cylinder volume
The ratio of volumes of air in cylinder before compression stroke and after compression stroke
Volume displaced by piston per stroke and clearance volume in cylinder
Ratio of pressure after compression and before compression

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