Internal Combustion Engines
Detonation is harmful due to

Excessive turbulence which removes most of the insulating gas boundary layer from the cylinder walls
High intensity of knock causes crankshaft vibration and the engine runs rough
None of these
Increase in the rate of heat transfer, there is a reduction in the power output and efficiency of the engine

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center
May start and end anywhere

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Internal Combustion Engines
A hydraulic ram is a device used to

To lift small quantity of water to a greater height when a large quantity of water is available at a smaller height
Increase the pressure of water
To lift water from deep wells
Store the energy of water

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

May open and close anywhere
Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center

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