Recombinant DNA Technology
Plant transformation can be obtained by

using the E. coli bacterium to infect plant roots
infecting plants with a tobacco mosaic virus
shooting DNA into plant cells with a gun
combining plant and animal cells in culture

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Recombinant DNA Technology
An example of a restriction fragment length polymorphism is

cystic fibrosis results from a three base deletion in most cases but in other cases, other mutations are involved
an Eco RI cuts DNA at a different sequence than Hind III
different length fragments of DNA resulting from loss or gain of a restriction site
All of these

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Recombinant DNA Technology
An expression vector

always contains DNA segments for the regulation of mRNA production
always contains an origin of replication
All of these
usually contains a gene that confers antibiotic resistance to the bacterial host

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Recombinant DNA Technology
Some genetic diseases cannot be diagnosed by changes in restriction sites. Some of these can be detected by allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. These are

short sequences that will hybridize only to a specific base sequence
mutagenized copies of a gene
PCR-amplified variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs)
copies of the gene with an altered sequence so that a restriction site is inserted

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