Recombinant DNA Technology
Plant transformation can be obtained by

shooting DNA into plant cells with a gun
using the E. coli bacterium to infect plant roots
combining plant and animal cells in culture
infecting plants with a tobacco mosaic virus

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Recombinant DNA Technology
Some genetic diseases cannot be diagnosed by changes in restriction sites. Some of these can be detected by allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. These are

short sequences that will hybridize only to a specific base sequence
PCR-amplified variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs)
mutagenized copies of a gene
copies of the gene with an altered sequence so that a restriction site is inserted

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Recombinant DNA Technology
An example of a restriction fragment length polymorphism is

different length fragments of DNA resulting from loss or gain of a restriction site
cystic fibrosis results from a three base deletion in most cases but in other cases, other mutations are involved
All of these
an Eco RI cuts DNA at a different sequence than Hind III

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